Neuron-to-neuron propagation of neurodegenerative proteins; relation to degradative systems
نویسنده
چکیده
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are defined by neurodegeneration and accumulations of misfolded proteins that spread through the brain in a well characterized manner. In AD these accumulations consist mainly of βamyloid (Aβ) and tau, while in PD, α-synuclein (α-syn) make up the characteristic lewy pathology. The general aim of this thesis was to investigate mechanisms associated with neurotoxic peptide activity by Aβ, tau and α-syn in relation to cellular degradation and transfer with a cell-to-cell transfer model system. We found that intercellular transfer of oligomeric Aβ occurs independently of isoform. However, the amount of transfer correlates with each isoforms ability to resist degradation or cellular clearance. The Aβ1-42 isoform showed particular resistance to clearance, which resulted in higher levels of cell-to-cell transfer of the isoform and lysosomal stress caused by accumulation. As Aβ accumulations can inhibit the proteasomal degradation we investigated how reduced proteasomal degradation affected neuron-like cells. We found increased levels of phosphorylated tau protein, disturbed microtubule stability and impaired neuritic transport after reduced proteasomal activity. These changes was partly linked to c-Jun and ERK 1/2 kinase activity. We could also show that α-syn transferred from cell-to-cell in our model system, with a higher degree of transfer for the larger oligomer and fibrillar species. Similar to Aβ, α-syn mainly colocalized with lysosomes, before and after transfer. Lastly, we have developed our cell-to-cell transfer system into a model suitable for high throughput screening (HTS). The type of cells have been upgraded from SH-SY5Y cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), with a differentiation profile more similar to mature neurons. The next step will be screening a small molecular library for substances with inhibitory effect on cell-to-cell transfer of Aβ peptides. The importance of the degradative systems in maintaining protein homeostasis and prevent toxic accumulations in general is well known. Our findings shows the importance of these systems for neurodegenerative diseases and also highlight the link between degradation and cell-to-cell transfer. To restore or enhance the degradative systems would be an interesting avenue to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Another way would be to inhibit the transfer of misfolded protein aggregates. By using the HTS model we developed, a candidate substance with good inhibitory effect on transfer can hopefully be found. Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Alzheimers sjukdom och Parkinsons sjukdom är två vanligt förekommande sjukdomar som karakteriseras av nervcellsdöd i hjärnan samt inlagring av felveckade proteinansamlingar. Dessa proteinansamlingar består främst av proteinen betaamyloid och tau i Alzheimers, och alfa-synuclein i Parkinsons sjukdom. Proteinansamlingarna uppkommer initialt i vissa områden i hjärnan, varefter dessa sprider sig till angränsande områden då sjukdomen fortskrider. Ett av målen med den här avhandlingen har varit att undersöka denna spridningsmekanism av beta-amyloid och alfa-synuclein mellan donatoroch mottagarceller, som ska simulera interaktionerna mellan hjärnans nervceller. När vi undersökte varför vissa strukturella varianter av beta-amyloid hade en högre grad av överföring upptäckte vi att det berodde på cellernas förmåga att bryta ner de olika varianterna. De varianter som var mer motståndskraftiga mot nedbrytning överfördes även i större utsträckning. Den cellulära nedbrytningen kan ske via det lysosomala eller proteasomala systemet. Dessa system försämras gradvis vid hög ålder och påverkas negativt av proteinansamlingar av framförallt beta-amyloid. Vi såg att det lysosomala systemet blev mer negativt påverkat av varianten betaamyloid1-42. Ansamlingar av β-amyloid i cellen försämrar det proteasomala systemet, därför tittade vi på vilka konsekvenser detta medför i vår cellmodell. Vi såg t.ex. att transporten av material längs cellens utskott försämrades och en ökad nivå av fosforylerat tau ansamlades. Dessa skadliga förändringar kunde till viss del spåras till en ökad aktivitet hos framförallt två proteinkinas. Därefter frågade vi oss om olika ansamlingar av alfa-synuclein överförs mellan cellerna i vårt modellsystem. Det visade sig att större former av ansamlingar, oligomerer och fibriller, överfördes i större utsträckning än de mindre monomera formerna. Vi kunde även lokalisera majoriteten av detta alfa-synuclein till det lysosomala nedbrytningssystemet inom cellerna, i likhet med beta-amyloid. Om det går att stoppa överföringen av skadliga proteinansamlingar mellan nervcellerna, är det förmodligen möjligt att bromsa upp sjukdomsutvecklingen av t.ex. Alzheimers sjukdom. Genom att utveckla vårt cellulära modellsystem och anpassa det till ett högkapacitets-screening format, har vi möjliggjort för att testa tiotusentals substanser för att hitta molekyler vilka kan bromsa eller stoppa den cellulära överföringen av beta-amyloid-ansamlingar.
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تاریخ انتشار 2017